leetcode-236-Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Tree

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Given a binary tree, find the lowest common ancestor (LCA) of two given nodes in the tree.

According to the definition of LCA on Wikipedia: “The lowest common ancestor is defined between two nodes p and q as the lowest node in T that has both p and q as descendants (where we allow a node to be a descendant of itself).”

Given the following binary tree: root = [3,5,1,6,2,0,8,null,null,7,4]

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Example 1:

Input: root = [3,5,1,6,2,0,8,null,null,7,4], p = 5, q = 1
Output: 3
Explanation: The LCA of nodes 5 and 1 is 3.
Example 2:

Input: root = [3,5,1,6,2,0,8,null,null,7,4], p = 5, q = 4
Output: 5
Explanation: The LCA of nodes 5 and 4 is 5, since a node can be a descendant of itself according to the LCA definition.

Note:

All of the nodes’ values will be unique.
p and q are different and both values will exist in the binary tree.
Accepted

我们在二叉树中来搜索p和q，然后从路径中找到最后一个相同的节点即为父节点，我们可以用递归来实现，在递归函数中，我们首先看当前结点是否为空，若为空则直接返回空，若为p或q中的任意一个，也直接返回当前结点。否则的话就对其左右子结点分别调用递归函数，由于这道题限制了p和q一定都在二叉树中存在，那么如果当前结点不等于p或q，p和q要么分别位于左右子树中，要么同时位于左子树，或者同时位于右子树，那么我们分别来讨论：

1）若p和q要么分别位于左右子树中，那么对左右子结点调用递归函数，会分别返回p和q结点的位置，而当前结点正好就是p和q的最小共同父结点，直接返回当前结点即可，这就是题目中的例子1的情况。

2）若p和q同时位于左子树，这里有两种情况，一种情况是left会返回p和q中较高的那个位置，而right会返回空，所以我们最终返回非空的left即可，这就是题目中的例子2的情况。还有一种情况是会返回p和q的最小父结点，就是说当前结点的左子树中的某个结点才是p和q的最小父结点，会被返回。

3）若p和q同时位于右子树，同样这里有两种情况，一种情况是right会返回p和q中较高的那个位置，而left会返回空，所以我们最终返回非空的right即可，还有一种情况是会返回p和q的最小父结点，就是说当前结点的右子树中的某个结点才是p和q的最小父结点，会被返回。

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/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * struct TreeNode {
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode *left;
 *     TreeNode *right;
 *     TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(NULL), right(NULL) {}
 * };
 */
class Solution {
public:
    TreeNode* lowestCommonAncestor(TreeNode* root, TreeNode* p, TreeNode* q) {
        if( root == nullptr or root == p or root == q )
        {
            return root;
        }
        TreeNode* left = lowestCommonAncestor( root->left, p, q );
        TreeNode* right = lowestCommonAncestor( root->right, p, q );
        
        if( left == nullptr )
        {
            return right;
        }
        
        if( right == nullptr )
        {
            return left;
        }
        
        return root;
    }
};
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